BV = bully victimization
"BV, independent of cumulative trauma, and discrimination were found to have significant direct effects on increased PTSD symptoms and significant direct and indirect negative effects on perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory. BV was also associated with increases in the discrepancy between perceptual reasoning and verbal comprehension."
"Extreme stress resulting from bullying and from other complex traumas,in general, has been associated with negative changes in some brain struc-tures (e.g., De Bellis & Kuchibhatla, 2006) that control cognition and emotion and might affect the brain neurological systems, such as hemispheric synchronization. Similarly, such extreme stress was found to affect performance on IQ tests among minority and refugee adolescents who were highly traumatized (Kira, Lewandowski, Somers, Yoon, & Chiodo, 2012a, 2012b)."
