Muhammad was born in approximately 570 CE in
Mecca.
[1] He was the son of
Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and
Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of
Quraysh tribal leader
Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died a few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan.
[5] He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle,
Abu Talib.
[6] In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named
Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610 CE, Muhammad reported being visited by
Gabriel in the cave
[1] and receiving
his first revelation from God. In 613,
[7] Muhammad started
preaching these revelations publicly,
[8] proclaiming that "
God is One", that complete "submission" (
islām) to God is the right way of life (
dīn),
[9] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other
prophets in Islam.
[10][3][11]
Muhammad's
followers were initially few in number, and experienced
hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he
sent some of his followers to
Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to
Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the
Hijra, marks the beginning of the
Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the
Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and
marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the
Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the
Arabian Peninsula had
converted to Islam.
[12][13]
The revelations (each known as
Ayah — literally, "Sign [of God]") that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (
sunnah), found in the
Hadith and
sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as
sources of
Islamic law.
Names and appellations
Main article:
Names and titles of Muhammad
The
name Muhammad (
/mʊˈhæməd, -ˈhɑːməd/[14]) means "praiseworthy" in Arabic. It appears four times in the Quran.
[15] The Quran also addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations;
prophet,
messenger, servant of God ('
abd), announcer (
bashir),
[16] witness (
shahid),
[17] bearer of good tidings (
mubashshir), warner (
nathir),
[18] reminder (
mudhakkir),
[19] one who calls [unto God] (
dā'ī),
[20] light personified (
noor),
[21] and the light-giving lamp (
siraj munir).
[22]
Main articles:
Historiography of early Islam and
Historicity of Muhammad
Quran
A folio from an early
Quran, written in
Kufic script (
Abbasid period, 8th–9th centuries)
The
Quran is the central
religious text of
Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of
God revealed by the archangel
Gabriel to Muhammad.
[23][24][25] The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context.
[26][27]
Early biographies
Main article:
Prophetic biography
Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the
Muslim era (AH – 8th and 9th century CE).
[28] These include traditional Muslim biographies
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