High scores on the gender attitude, self-esteem, and gender identity lATs reflect preference for own gender, self (compared with others), and identification with own gender, respectively. Planned contrasts showed that women scored higher than men on the gender attitude IAT, t(82) = 5.26, p < .001 (Ms = 176 and 64, SDs = 109 and 117, respectively), resulting in a strong in-group bias effect for women and a moderate one for men (ds = 1.55 and 0.55, respectively). In a surprising departure from past research, women also scored higher than men on the gender identity IAT, t(82) = 2.49, p < .001 (Ms = 218 and 143, SDs = 146 and 139, respectively). Nonetheless, both men and women showed strong effect sizes on this measure (ds = 1.02 and 1.53, respectively). Finally, there were no sex differences on the self-esteem IAT, t(82) < 1.60, ns (Ms = 167 and 212, SDs = 121 and 135, ds = 1.65 and 1.30, for women and men, respectively). Thus, men and women strongly identified with their gender and showed robust self-esteem, but women showed dramatically more in-group bias than did men.
they receive. Men, comparatively, have low IGP:
