“Alpha fucks, beta bucks (or cucks)” a catch phrase known to many generations, but why is this case and what's the science behind it?
This phenomenon is called “women's dual mating strategy”. This strategy entails females in relationships will try to maximize their children's genetic quality while they maximize the children's (and their own) environmental stability with their respected mates. This strategy is well attested in human psychology, biology, blackpilled armchair scientists, and even women themselves alike (at the dismay of the average guy).
The current theory behind is this tactic has been highly speculated behind women's menstrual cycle.
“women expected that the sexy man would invest relatively more in their potential offspring when they were near ovulation compared to when they were not ovulating,However, ovulation did not influence perceptions of the reliable man. In other words, ovulation led sexy and adventurous men to be perceived as better future fathers, but it did not influence the perceptions of men who were stable and dependable.”
http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/normanli/DuranteGriskeviciusSimpsonCantuLi2012.pdf
This is neither new or surprising, but why is this the case? What's the diving factor behind the dual mating strategy? I propose it has to do with women's follicular phase and luteal phases in relationship with certain biological processes.
However, the results of studies finding that various aspects of sexual desire, actually increase during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle(i.e.,when progesterone is low) are difficult to reconcile with this extended sexuality hypothesis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661318302560
Estradiol levels were associated with relatively greater extra-pair sexual interests than in-pair sexual interests, progesterone levels were associated with relatively greater in-pair sexual interests. Both hormones specifically predicted in-pair sexual desire, estradiol negatively and progesterone positively. These findings have implications for understanding the function of women's extended sexuality — their sexual proceptivity and receptivity outside the fertile phase, especially during the luteal phase.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X1530180X
Estrogens and progesterone seems to be the answer, however, these are just hormones, how do they interact with receptors with neurology?
In both humans and rodents, hormonal cycles are associated with females' faster progression to addiction.
These adaptations may ultimately serve to guide the motivational behaviors that underlie the factors that cause women to be more vulnerable to cocaine and opiate addiction than men.
It has also been demonstrated that the underlying cause of these sex differences on DA [dopamine] signaling is the cyclic fluctuation in E2 levels and its downstream neurobiological effects.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251038/
Addiction investigators have also uncovered that women are more likely to use cocaine at an earlier age...women report that when estrogen levels are rising during their menstrual cycles, they experience a greater “high” from cocaine administration.
neurosciencenews.com
After both 10 and 30 days of estrogen deprivation, apparently 30 percent of the total number of substantia nigra dopamine cells are lost
Activation of subcortical dopaminergic pathways of the VTA and caudate nucleus may comprise only the “general arousal” component of early-stage intense romantic love.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.20772
It has become apparent that there is considerable overlap between the processes that underlie pair bonding and those that mediate responses to abused substances. This suggests that social bonding and substance abuse each may affect the other.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899306022815
Basically, women are sex addicts because of their estrogen is interacting with dopamine synapses/receptors during their follicular phase. (Like any other addiction, one must intensify the sexual experience to archive the same orgasmic high. Remember that, husbands/boyfriends, your relationship may depend on it.) However, this doesn't explain why girls wish to engage with extra-pair mating. Let's continue researching.
Plasma vasopressin showed a tendency to increase on days 11-13 of women's menstrual cycle, when the peak concentration of serum estradiol occurs.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6840674/
The results of the present study suggest that ERβ mediates the effects of oestradiol on AVP secretion in response to water deprivation, indicating that the effects of oestradiol occur directly in AVP neurones.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jne.12712
Transdermal treatment with estradiol five days resulted in an...increase in mean circulating levels of vasopressin.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618454/
Researchers showed that both ERα and ERβ occupy the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene (crh) region of the crh promoter selectively and that E2 further increases ER occupancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2194609/
Vasopressin (AVP) and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) may play a role in all this. Look to see how they react with behavior and receptors.
Although peripheral AVP levels do not typically differ between the sexes, animal and human studies suggest that the effects of central AVP on behavior are sexually dimorphic.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622845/
We found gene-based association for AVPR1A in women but not in men...Overall, these findings confirm genetic underpinnings of extrapair mating in humans, but do not suggest that women's predisposition to extrapair mating is due to selection on men.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513814001317
Five out of seven AVPR1A SNPs were associated with extrapair mating...Gene-based test results show that the AVPR1A gene was significantly associated with extrapair mating when women and men were combined, but only in women when the sexes were analyzed separately.
https://web.archive.org/web/20210211223447/https://www2.psy.uq.edu.au/~uqbziets/Zietsch et al 2014 Genetic analysis of extrapair mating.pdf
Interestingly, in females the age of first inter-course was associated with the AVPR1A RS1 polymorphism. The personality measures ‘novelty seeking’ and ‘harm avoidance’ were also associated with the RS1 genotype.
www.nature.com
A large study of over 1600 unselected United Kingdom female twin pairs who confidentially reported previous episodes of infidelity...Our findings demonstrate that infidelity and number of sexual partners are both under moderate genetic influence (41% and 38% heritable, respectively) and the genetic correlation between these two traits is strong (47%). Conversely, attitudes towards infidelity are driven by shared and unique environmental, but not genetic, influences.
Association with the AVPR1Agene was tested among a subgroup of 149 DZ pairs discordant for reported fidelity status...
The MZ and DZ twin groups were well matched for rates of reported infidelity, divorce, number of sexual partners(means of between 4 and 5) and age.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour...-gene-avpr1a/CD90C401AB01263A4205D6E926A914F8
So most AVP1a gene variations promote infidelity in female humans, so the average woman is likely to partake in extrapair mating (at least have a propensity for it). Also in the last article it mentions “environmental influences”-such as?
Among individuals who experienced higher levels of paternal warmth in childhood, AVP increased empathic concern compared to OT. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267812734_Vasopressin_but_not_oxytocin_increases_empathic_concern_among_individuals_who_received_higher_levels_of_paternal_warmth_A_randomized_controlled_trial
Greater exposure to father absence was strongly associated with elevated risk for early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12795391/
Early father involvement with daughters has been associated with a decreased risk of early puberty, decreased early sexual experiences, and decreased teen pregnancy. Extrapolating from animal studies, exposure to fathers’ pheromones may slow female pubertal development
Although mothers are generally more involved with their children’s direct care, a father’s participation in care has been linked to higher adherence to treatment, better child psychological adjustment, and improved health status compared with families with nonparticipating fathers
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/1/e20161128
Many of these disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress and so ma toform and dissociative disorders are more prevalent in women...the differentiating effect of hormones and neuropeptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin, the tend and befriend response and factors such as abuse and attachment disruption in early childhood [such as father absence].
http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/en/issues/413/articles/2817
The pathophysiology of premenstrual pain could imply increased vasopressin secretion. The more severe pain in primary dysmenorrhea seems to be the result of a combined effect of vasopressin and PGF2alpha
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016348409156715
Vasopressin also may play a role by increasing uterine contractility and causing ischemic pain as a result of vasoconstriction. Elevated vasopressin levels have been reported in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0115/p285.html
These data therefore confirm that women with visceral obesity have hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and that the combined CRF/AVP stimulation may offer a good tool for investigating pituitary reserve in this obesity phenotype.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8606643/
The vasopressin 1a receptor, which is widely expressed in the body, is involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Additionally, the vasopressin 1b receptor is expressed in the anterior pituitary gland, where it, together with corticotrophin-releasing hormone, mediates release of adrenocorticotrophin hormone and thus is important for the endocrine stress response
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/6/1917/5250690
Vasopressin is established as an independent risk factor for diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death in the population
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/6/1917/5250690
Our data demonstrate for the first time a strong decrease of ERbeta and an increase of ERalpha immunoreactivity in AVP neurons of the dl-SON of postmenopausal women.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999823/
Our findings are in accordance with a previous study that proved the increasing activity of AVP neurons in postmenopausal women.
https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.002969.php
OXT and AVP are significantly involved in mediating the fine-tuned regulation of maternal aggression (MA) depending on the brain regions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24167315/
After female rats give birth a natural increase in vasopressin is found in brain circuits, which has been linked to the neurochemistry of aggressive and hostile reactions that enable the mother to protect her offspring from danger
Older adults (63-81 years) had higher plasma AVP levels than young adults (18-31 years).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453019300861
Anxiously attached women are inclined to engage in extrapair sex, as well as in unprotected and consensual unwanted sex. Expectedly, they also report higher rates of unplanned pregnancy than less anxiously attached women do.
https://www.academia.edu/17375003/O...hment_systems_during_relationship_development
More anxiously attached women were particularly likely to report extrapair fantasies, whereas more anxiously attached men were especially likely to report romantic fantasies.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00157.x
None of these studies may sound like there's a causation to you. After all, female arousal and the motivation for sex may be significantly impaired by...a predominance of vasopressin...which impairs sexual arousal mechanisms and thereby inhibits the motivation for sex.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1016/j.jmhg.2005.05.003
The connection is simple-When women have high AVP levels, they inheritably don't desire to sexually participate with their faithful mates (regardless of their physical attractiveness), rather they favour short-term relationships with more sexually-appealing males due to their innate promiscuity, additionally when women's estrogen levels peak, their addictive personality prompt them to seek and act impulsively upon their arousal for those males.
Now that we understand women's desire for extra-pair paternity and the influences that might bolster it, we've yet to explain why do women also hormonally seek social monogamy. After all, the strategy is named 'DUAL mating strategy'. The answer has to do with the luteal phase and previously mentioned hormones.
The effect of vasopressin premenstrually was more pronounced than in women under oestrogen influence only, and tended to be more marked than in those in the luteal phase.
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10880.x
A study conducted in forty-three women demonstrated that not estrogens, but progesterone regulates the function of HPA axis.
https://sci-hub.st/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cen.12608
ACTH was characterized by a decrease during the follicular phase, a nadir at day −2, followed by a significant increase to a peak at day 0, then a subsequent decrease and constant levels during the luteal phase until day +8. During the luteal phase, cortisol remained constant
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/41/3/431/2685095?redirectedFrom=fulltext
In the luteal phase, the threshold for AVP release and the gain or sensitivity of the osmostat are reduced together with lowering of the thirst threshold, which account for the lower basal luteal plasma osmolality.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01062.x
A study reported a positive effect of progesterone on in-pair versus extra-pair desire. Since progesterone is higher during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle than at other times, this finding was interpreted as evidence for the extended sexuality hypothesis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661318302560
You might notice a pattern here; from the inevitable paternal separation at a young age, puberty, hormonal maturity, the hoe phase, having kids, purposely getting fat then having attachment anxiety, personal divorce, and enduring old age, at no point women's hormones (and their respected receptors) will promote a desire for long-term, sexual monogamy, irrespective of their desire for social monogamy via progesterone! As a result, females will attempt to maximize their children's genetic quality while they maximize their children's paternal care, so they engage in sociosexual reproduction from temporary males under the pretense that the children are the long-term mate's genetic offspring (at least for one child).
This conclusion additionally is reflective what we observe in paternity tests. -And it may be proper to suspect that paternity fraud is higher for the general population.-
This accounts for 17.6 per cent of all marital births. Of the 36 women who had at least one extra-pair birth, 20 had one, nine had two and six had three or more.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0478
Among married couples, with polygynously married men included in multiple pairs, 70% had at least one child whose father was not the husband. This is a minimum threshold, as not all children within a pair were necessarily sampled.
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/8/eaay6195
In studies that solely looked at couples who obtained paternity testing because paternity was being disputed, there are higher levels; an incidence of [fraud was] 17% to 33% (median of 26.9%).
https://infogalactic.com/info/Paternity_fraud#cite_note-pmid16100312-2
Taking what we understand women's behavior with AVPR1a, CRF/CRH (or its precursor ACTH), and ERα & β, these receptors are likely why women are predominately sexually interested in short-term partners (Alphas). And the preference for long-term partners (Betas) for social monogamy is caused by the reduced activation of these receptors. Thus explaining women's dual mating strategy in relation with their menstrual cycle.
This phenomenon is called “women's dual mating strategy”. This strategy entails females in relationships will try to maximize their children's genetic quality while they maximize the children's (and their own) environmental stability with their respected mates. This strategy is well attested in human psychology, biology, blackpilled armchair scientists, and even women themselves alike (at the dismay of the average guy).
The current theory behind is this tactic has been highly speculated behind women's menstrual cycle.
“women expected that the sexy man would invest relatively more in their potential offspring when they were near ovulation compared to when they were not ovulating,However, ovulation did not influence perceptions of the reliable man. In other words, ovulation led sexy and adventurous men to be perceived as better future fathers, but it did not influence the perceptions of men who were stable and dependable.”
http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/normanli/DuranteGriskeviciusSimpsonCantuLi2012.pdf
This is neither new or surprising, but why is this the case? What's the diving factor behind the dual mating strategy? I propose it has to do with women's follicular phase and luteal phases in relationship with certain biological processes.
However, the results of studies finding that various aspects of sexual desire, actually increase during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle(i.e.,when progesterone is low) are difficult to reconcile with this extended sexuality hypothesis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661318302560
Estradiol levels were associated with relatively greater extra-pair sexual interests than in-pair sexual interests, progesterone levels were associated with relatively greater in-pair sexual interests. Both hormones specifically predicted in-pair sexual desire, estradiol negatively and progesterone positively. These findings have implications for understanding the function of women's extended sexuality — their sexual proceptivity and receptivity outside the fertile phase, especially during the luteal phase.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X1530180X
Estrogens and progesterone seems to be the answer, however, these are just hormones, how do they interact with receptors with neurology?
In both humans and rodents, hormonal cycles are associated with females' faster progression to addiction.
These adaptations may ultimately serve to guide the motivational behaviors that underlie the factors that cause women to be more vulnerable to cocaine and opiate addiction than men.
It has also been demonstrated that the underlying cause of these sex differences on DA [dopamine] signaling is the cyclic fluctuation in E2 levels and its downstream neurobiological effects.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251038/
Addiction investigators have also uncovered that women are more likely to use cocaine at an earlier age...women report that when estrogen levels are rising during their menstrual cycles, they experience a greater “high” from cocaine administration.
Revealing The Connection Between Female Estrogen Cycle and Cocaine Addiction - Neuroscience News
According to a new study, cocaine has the most potent effects on the female brain when estrogen levels are at their highest.
neurosciencenews.com
Estrogen Deprivation Leads To Death Of Dopamine Cells In The Brain
Estrogen deprivation leads to the death of dopamine cells in the brain, a finding by Yale researchers that could have implications for post-menopausal women. The cells can be regenerated if estrogen is administered within 10 days, but by 30 days, the cells appear to be permanently lost, said D...
www.sciencedaily.com
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.20772
It has become apparent that there is considerable overlap between the processes that underlie pair bonding and those that mediate responses to abused substances. This suggests that social bonding and substance abuse each may affect the other.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899306022815
Basically, women are sex addicts because of their estrogen is interacting with dopamine synapses/receptors during their follicular phase. (Like any other addiction, one must intensify the sexual experience to archive the same orgasmic high. Remember that, husbands/boyfriends, your relationship may depend on it.) However, this doesn't explain why girls wish to engage with extra-pair mating. Let's continue researching.
Plasma vasopressin showed a tendency to increase on days 11-13 of women's menstrual cycle, when the peak concentration of serum estradiol occurs.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6840674/
The results of the present study suggest that ERβ mediates the effects of oestradiol on AVP secretion in response to water deprivation, indicating that the effects of oestradiol occur directly in AVP neurones.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jne.12712
Transdermal treatment with estradiol five days resulted in an...increase in mean circulating levels of vasopressin.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618454/
Researchers showed that both ERα and ERβ occupy the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene (crh) region of the crh promoter selectively and that E2 further increases ER occupancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2194609/
Vasopressin (AVP) and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) may play a role in all this. Look to see how they react with behavior and receptors.
Although peripheral AVP levels do not typically differ between the sexes, animal and human studies suggest that the effects of central AVP on behavior are sexually dimorphic.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622845/
We found gene-based association for AVPR1A in women but not in men...Overall, these findings confirm genetic underpinnings of extrapair mating in humans, but do not suggest that women's predisposition to extrapair mating is due to selection on men.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513814001317
Five out of seven AVPR1A SNPs were associated with extrapair mating...Gene-based test results show that the AVPR1A gene was significantly associated with extrapair mating when women and men were combined, but only in women when the sexes were analyzed separately.
https://web.archive.org/web/20210211223447/https://www2.psy.uq.edu.au/~uqbziets/Zietsch et al 2014 Genetic analysis of extrapair mating.pdf
Interestingly, in females the age of first inter-course was associated with the AVPR1A RS1 polymorphism. The personality measures ‘novelty seeking’ and ‘harm avoidance’ were also associated with the RS1 genotype.
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine - Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Animal studies have shown that oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are crucial regulators of social behaviour. In this Review, Meyer-Lindenberg and colleagues consider behavioural, genetic and neuroimaging studies that show that these peptides also influence social behaviour and...
www.nature.com
Association with the AVPR1Agene was tested among a subgroup of 149 DZ pairs discordant for reported fidelity status...
The MZ and DZ twin groups were well matched for rates of reported infidelity, divorce, number of sexual partners(means of between 4 and 5) and age.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour...-gene-avpr1a/CD90C401AB01263A4205D6E926A914F8
So most AVP1a gene variations promote infidelity in female humans, so the average woman is likely to partake in extrapair mating (at least have a propensity for it). Also in the last article it mentions “environmental influences”-such as?
Among individuals who experienced higher levels of paternal warmth in childhood, AVP increased empathic concern compared to OT. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267812734_Vasopressin_but_not_oxytocin_increases_empathic_concern_among_individuals_who_received_higher_levels_of_paternal_warmth_A_randomized_controlled_trial
Greater exposure to father absence was strongly associated with elevated risk for early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12795391/
Early father involvement with daughters has been associated with a decreased risk of early puberty, decreased early sexual experiences, and decreased teen pregnancy. Extrapolating from animal studies, exposure to fathers’ pheromones may slow female pubertal development
Although mothers are generally more involved with their children’s direct care, a father’s participation in care has been linked to higher adherence to treatment, better child psychological adjustment, and improved health status compared with families with nonparticipating fathers
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/1/e20161128
Many of these disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress and so ma toform and dissociative disorders are more prevalent in women...the differentiating effect of hormones and neuropeptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin, the tend and befriend response and factors such as abuse and attachment disruption in early childhood [such as father absence].
http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/en/issues/413/articles/2817
The pathophysiology of premenstrual pain could imply increased vasopressin secretion. The more severe pain in primary dysmenorrhea seems to be the result of a combined effect of vasopressin and PGF2alpha
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016348409156715
Vasopressin also may play a role by increasing uterine contractility and causing ischemic pain as a result of vasoconstriction. Elevated vasopressin levels have been reported in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0115/p285.html
These data therefore confirm that women with visceral obesity have hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and that the combined CRF/AVP stimulation may offer a good tool for investigating pituitary reserve in this obesity phenotype.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8606643/
The vasopressin 1a receptor, which is widely expressed in the body, is involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Additionally, the vasopressin 1b receptor is expressed in the anterior pituitary gland, where it, together with corticotrophin-releasing hormone, mediates release of adrenocorticotrophin hormone and thus is important for the endocrine stress response
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/6/1917/5250690
Vasopressin is established as an independent risk factor for diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death in the population
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/6/1917/5250690
Our data demonstrate for the first time a strong decrease of ERbeta and an increase of ERalpha immunoreactivity in AVP neurons of the dl-SON of postmenopausal women.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999823/
Our findings are in accordance with a previous study that proved the increasing activity of AVP neurons in postmenopausal women.
https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.002969.php
OXT and AVP are significantly involved in mediating the fine-tuned regulation of maternal aggression (MA) depending on the brain regions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24167315/
After female rats give birth a natural increase in vasopressin is found in brain circuits, which has been linked to the neurochemistry of aggressive and hostile reactions that enable the mother to protect her offspring from danger
Older adults (63-81 years) had higher plasma AVP levels than young adults (18-31 years).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453019300861
Anxiously attached women are inclined to engage in extrapair sex, as well as in unprotected and consensual unwanted sex. Expectedly, they also report higher rates of unplanned pregnancy than less anxiously attached women do.
https://www.academia.edu/17375003/O...hment_systems_during_relationship_development
More anxiously attached women were particularly likely to report extrapair fantasies, whereas more anxiously attached men were especially likely to report romantic fantasies.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00157.x
None of these studies may sound like there's a causation to you. After all, female arousal and the motivation for sex may be significantly impaired by...a predominance of vasopressin...which impairs sexual arousal mechanisms and thereby inhibits the motivation for sex.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1016/j.jmhg.2005.05.003
The connection is simple-When women have high AVP levels, they inheritably don't desire to sexually participate with their faithful mates (regardless of their physical attractiveness), rather they favour short-term relationships with more sexually-appealing males due to their innate promiscuity, additionally when women's estrogen levels peak, their addictive personality prompt them to seek and act impulsively upon their arousal for those males.
Now that we understand women's desire for extra-pair paternity and the influences that might bolster it, we've yet to explain why do women also hormonally seek social monogamy. After all, the strategy is named 'DUAL mating strategy'. The answer has to do with the luteal phase and previously mentioned hormones.
The effect of vasopressin premenstrually was more pronounced than in women under oestrogen influence only, and tended to be more marked than in those in the luteal phase.
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10880.x
A study conducted in forty-three women demonstrated that not estrogens, but progesterone regulates the function of HPA axis.
https://sci-hub.st/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cen.12608
ACTH was characterized by a decrease during the follicular phase, a nadir at day −2, followed by a significant increase to a peak at day 0, then a subsequent decrease and constant levels during the luteal phase until day +8. During the luteal phase, cortisol remained constant
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/41/3/431/2685095?redirectedFrom=fulltext
In the luteal phase, the threshold for AVP release and the gain or sensitivity of the osmostat are reduced together with lowering of the thirst threshold, which account for the lower basal luteal plasma osmolality.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01062.x
A study reported a positive effect of progesterone on in-pair versus extra-pair desire. Since progesterone is higher during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle than at other times, this finding was interpreted as evidence for the extended sexuality hypothesis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661318302560
You might notice a pattern here; from the inevitable paternal separation at a young age, puberty, hormonal maturity, the hoe phase, having kids, purposely getting fat then having attachment anxiety, personal divorce, and enduring old age, at no point women's hormones (and their respected receptors) will promote a desire for long-term, sexual monogamy, irrespective of their desire for social monogamy via progesterone! As a result, females will attempt to maximize their children's genetic quality while they maximize their children's paternal care, so they engage in sociosexual reproduction from temporary males under the pretense that the children are the long-term mate's genetic offspring (at least for one child).
This conclusion additionally is reflective what we observe in paternity tests. -And it may be proper to suspect that paternity fraud is higher for the general population.-
This accounts for 17.6 per cent of all marital births. Of the 36 women who had at least one extra-pair birth, 20 had one, nine had two and six had three or more.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0478
Among married couples, with polygynously married men included in multiple pairs, 70% had at least one child whose father was not the husband. This is a minimum threshold, as not all children within a pair were necessarily sampled.
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/8/eaay6195
In studies that solely looked at couples who obtained paternity testing because paternity was being disputed, there are higher levels; an incidence of [fraud was] 17% to 33% (median of 26.9%).
https://infogalactic.com/info/Paternity_fraud#cite_note-pmid16100312-2
Taking what we understand women's behavior with AVPR1a, CRF/CRH (or its precursor ACTH), and ERα & β, these receptors are likely why women are predominately sexually interested in short-term partners (Alphas). And the preference for long-term partners (Betas) for social monogamy is caused by the reduced activation of these receptors. Thus explaining women's dual mating strategy in relation with their menstrual cycle.
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