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Genetically influenced traits like facial attractiveness and height powerfully shape life experiences: individuals rated as attractive are automatically perceived as more competent, honest, and successful (Walster et al., 1972); a meta‐analytic review confirms robust links between attractiveness and favorable peer, leadership, and social evaluations (Langlois et al., 2000); in mock‐jury studies, attractive defendants receive lighter sentences for identical offenses (Efran, 1974), and observational courtroom research mirrors this bias with more lenient sentencing for better‐looking defendants (Stewart, 1980); face‐perception work shows that facial cues like babyfacedness and fitness automatically bias perceptions of credibility and innocence (Zebrowitz & Montepare, 2008); self‐esteem development research demonstrates that appearance‐skewed social feedback in childhood sets lifelong self‐worth trajectories (Harter, 1999); body‐image reviews link dissatisfaction with chronic low self‐esteem and depressive symptoms (Cash, 1994); social‐media exposure exacerbates body surveillance and anxiety among adolescents (Tiggemann & Slater, 2014); social‐exclusion experiments reveal that anticipated rejection impairs self‐regulation and complex reasoning (Baumeister et al., 2005); romantic‐attraction paradigms consistently find that physically attractive individuals enjoy higher desirability ratings (Feingold, 1990); labor‐market analyses document a 5–10% “beauty premium” in wages for better‐looking workers (Hamermesh & Biddle, 1994); and height correlates positively with earnings and career advancement, with taller individuals holding higher‐status jobs (Judge & Cable, 2004).
Works Cited
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self‐regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589–604.
Cash, T. F. (1994). Body image and self‐esteem: A critical review of the literature. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice (pp. 27–36). Guilford Press.
Efran, M. G. (1974). Effects of offenders’ age and attractiveness on sentencing by mock jurors. Psychological Reports, 44(3), 691–697.
Feingold, A. (1990). Gender differences in effects of physical attractiveness on romantic attraction: A comparison across five research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233–250.
Hamermesh, D. S., & Biddle, J. E. (1994). Beauty and the labor market. American Economic Review, 84(5), 1174–1194.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (2004). The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: Preliminary test of a theoretical model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 428–441.
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta‐analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 390–423.
Stewart, J. E. (1980). Defendant’s attractiveness as a factor in the outcome of criminal trials: An observational study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(4), 348–361.
Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 630–643.
Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290.
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2008). Social psychological face perception: Why appearance matters. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(9), 455–460.
