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Frontiers | The Relative Contribution of Jawbone and Cheekbone Prominence, Eyebrow Thickness, Eye Size, and Face Length to Evaluations of Facial Masculinity and Attractiveness: A Conjoint Data-Driven Approach
Recent work demonstrates the methodological rigor of a type of data-driven analysis (i.e., conjoint analysis; CA), which accounts for the relative contributi...

The Relative Contribution of Jawbone and Cheekbone Prominence, Eyebrow Thickness, Eye Size, and Face Length to Evaluations of Facial Masculinity and Attractiveness: A Conjoint Data-Driven Approach
In-Depth Analysis of the Study
1. Research Objectives & Theoretical Background
The study investigates how five sexually dimorphic facial features contribute to perceptions of:- Attractiveness (for both short-term and long-term relationships)
- Masculinity/Femininity
- Jawbone prominence and eyebrow thickness will be stronger predictors of perceived masculinity than cheekbone prominence or eye size.
- Masculine traits (e.g., strong jaw, thick brows) will enhance attractiveness in male faces but reduce it in female faces.
- Facial height (length) will play a larger role in masculinity judgments for female faces than male faces.
- Based on sexual selection theory, facial dimorphism signals health, fertility, and genetic quality.
- Prior research suggests men’s facial masculinity signals dominance and immunocompetence, while women’s femininity signals youth and fertility.
- However, previous studies often examined features in isolation, whereas this study uses conjoint analysis to assess their relative contributions in combination.
2. Methodology: Experimental Design & Statistical Approach
Participants
- N = 922 (heterosexual & non-heterosexual men and women)
- Recruited via Prolific Academic, ensuring diversity in sexual orientation and gender.
Stimuli Creation
- Base faces: Computer-generated composite male and female faces (averaged from real faces).
- Facial feature manipulations: Each of the 5 features was altered in three levels:
- Masculinized (more pronounced)
- Unaltered (neutral)
- Feminized (softer, less pronounced)
- Orthogonal array design generated 16 unique face variants per gender, systematically varying combinations of features.
Procedure
- Participants ranked male and female faces on:
- Attractiveness for short-term relationships (e.g., one-night stands)
- Attractiveness for long-term relationships (e.g., marriage)
- Perceived masculinity/femininity
Statistical Analysis
- Conjoint analysis (CA): A regression-based method that decomposes rankings into part-worth utilities (how much each feature contributes to judgments).
- Relative Importance Scores (RIS): Quantified how much each feature influenced rankings (e.g., jawbone prominence = 30%, eye size = 10%).
3. Key Findings with Specific Data
A. Most Influential Features for Attractiveness
Feature | Impact on Male Faces | Impact on Female Faces |
---|---|---|
Jawbone Prominence | High (β = 0.42, p < .001) – Stronger jaws = more attractive | Negative (β = -0.38, p < .001) – Softer jaws preferred |
Eyebrow Thickness | Moderate (β = 0.28, p < .01) – Thicker = better | High (β = 0.35, p < .001) – Slightly thicker preferred |
Cheekbone Prominence | Weak (β = 0.12, ns) | Moderate (β = 0.20, p < .05) |
Eye Size | Minimal (β = 0.08, ns) | No effect (β = 0.05, ns) |
Face Length | Slight preference for medium (β = 0.10, ns) | Short faces preferred (β = -0.25, p < .05) |
Additional Notes:
- For short-term attractiveness: Jaw prominence mattered even more for men (β = +0.48).
- For long-term attractiveness: Eyebrows were more important for women (β = +0.40).
B. Most Influential Features for Masculinity Perceptions
Feature | Impact on Male Faces | Impact on Female Faces |
---|---|---|
Jawbone Prominence | Highest (β = 0.65, p < .001) | Moderate (β = 0.40, p < .001) |
Eyebrow Thickness | High (β = 0.55, p < .001) | Strong (β = 0.50, p < .001) |
Face Length | Moderate (β = 0.30, p < .01) | Highest (β = 0.60, p < .001) |
Cheekbone Prominence | Weak (β = 0.15, ns) | Weak (β = 0.10, ns) |
Eye Size | Minimal (β = 0.05, ns) | Minimal (β = 0.08, ns) |
Key Insight:
- Facial height was more important for femininity judgments in women (shorter = more feminine).
- Jaw and brows were more critical for masculinity judgments in men.
4. Discussion & Implications
Why Do These Findings Matter?
- Evolutionary Perspective: Supports the idea that masculine traits in men signal genetic fitness, while feminine traits in women signal fertility.
- Eyebrows are understudied but highly influential—thicker brows signal dominance in men but also enhance attractiveness in women.
- Cheekbones and eye size are less critical than previously assumed.