Suggested readings:
Females are more likely than males to socially exclude others, a sex difference that appears as early as the age of six.
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1631/20130079.short (Benensen, 2013)
Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals to win out attracting the attention from males. Women's intrasexual competition is less cooperative (more zero-sum) compared to males.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.011 (Reynolds et al. 2018)
Historically, there has been strong concern about gossiping by females. Females display an especially strong interest in information about other females as evidenced by data from social media.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.04.006 (McAndrew 2014)
On Twitter, 61.3% of misogynistic tweets containing the terms "slut" or "whore" come from female users.
View: https://i.imgur.com/kdXsDWS.png
Source: https://osf.io/qn3w2/
Anti-women bias in peer review is largest in women.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.017 (Krawczyk, 2016)
Women are interrupted the most by other women. Men only interrupt women slightly more often than other men.
View: https://i.imgur.com/rEx7XSf.png
https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14533197 (Hancock 2014)
Women reported more anger in intrasexual conflicts than men (d ≈ .67, N = 40) and they need more time for conflict resolution (~33% more, d ≈ 1.0).
http://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-014-9198-z (Benenson 2014)
High-ranked women are ~20-30% less generous and less sharing than high-ranked men (d ≈ .5, N = 375).
View: https://i.imgur.com/9UlSR5M.png
http://www.psypost.org/2017/10/high...nerous-men-sharing-reward-collaborators-49873
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185408 (Markovits 2017)
Men cooperate much more than women in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma games.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691817305917 (Colman 2018)
Women engage in indirect aggression and slut-shaming, even in clinical research studies.
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/the-evolution-of-bitchiness/281657/
Female job satisfaction is lower under female supervision (no difference for males).
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.09.003 (Artz, 2016)
See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition#Female_derogation
Women are reporting increasing levels of incivility at work. Female superiors are more likely to be critical of female subordinates (queen bee syndrome). High-ranking women are less likely to collaborate with same-sex subordinates.
https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/incivility-work-queen-bee-syndrome-getting-worse
http://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000289 (Gabriel 2018)
Women's automatic in-group bias (the preference for their own sex) is 4.5x as strong as men's.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494 (Goodwin 2004)
In a UK working class school, girls were involved in bullying and intimidating girls and boys, both verbally and physically. Female bullies were less frequently punished for their behavior than male bullies.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/berj.3324 (Dytham 2018)
Women are around twice as often described as "demanding/difficult" as men.
http://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417737951 (Offer 2017)
Cross-culturally, after sports matches, men spend more time than women in peaceful physical contact with their opponents. Males might naturally invest more in behaviors that facilitate future intragroup cooperation.
View: https://i.imgur.com/EoDOEVX.jpg
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.024 (Benenson 2016)
The view that men suppress female sexuality received hardly any support and is flatly contradicted by some findings. Instead, the evidence favors the view that women have worked to stifle each other’s sexuality.
Women gain leverage over men by suppressing female promiscuity and thereby making sex scarce. Men and their mothers want certainty about the biological fatherhood of the men's offspring and hence discourage female infidelity.
http://www.femininebeauty.info/suppression.pdf (Baumeister, 2002)
https://quillette.com/2018/11/25/on-the-nature-of-patriarchy/
- Baumeister, R. F., Reynolds, T., Winegard, B., & Vohs, K. D. Competing for love: Applying sexual economics theory to mating contests. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.07.009
- Reynolds, Tania, Roy F. Baumeister, and Jon K. Maner. "Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2018. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.011
Females are more likely than males to socially exclude others, a sex difference that appears as early as the age of six.
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1631/20130079.short (Benensen, 2013)
Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals to win out attracting the attention from males. Women's intrasexual competition is less cooperative (more zero-sum) compared to males.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.011 (Reynolds et al. 2018)
Historically, there has been strong concern about gossiping by females. Females display an especially strong interest in information about other females as evidenced by data from social media.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.04.006 (McAndrew 2014)
On Twitter, 61.3% of misogynistic tweets containing the terms "slut" or "whore" come from female users.
View: https://i.imgur.com/kdXsDWS.png
Source: https://osf.io/qn3w2/
Anti-women bias in peer review is largest in women.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.017 (Krawczyk, 2016)
Women are interrupted the most by other women. Men only interrupt women slightly more often than other men.
View: https://i.imgur.com/rEx7XSf.png
https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14533197 (Hancock 2014)
Women reported more anger in intrasexual conflicts than men (d ≈ .67, N = 40) and they need more time for conflict resolution (~33% more, d ≈ 1.0).
http://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-014-9198-z (Benenson 2014)
High-ranked women are ~20-30% less generous and less sharing than high-ranked men (d ≈ .5, N = 375).
View: https://i.imgur.com/9UlSR5M.png
http://www.psypost.org/2017/10/high...nerous-men-sharing-reward-collaborators-49873
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185408 (Markovits 2017)
Men cooperate much more than women in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma games.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691817305917 (Colman 2018)
Women engage in indirect aggression and slut-shaming, even in clinical research studies.
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/the-evolution-of-bitchiness/281657/
Female job satisfaction is lower under female supervision (no difference for males).
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.09.003 (Artz, 2016)
See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition#Female_derogation
Women are reporting increasing levels of incivility at work. Female superiors are more likely to be critical of female subordinates (queen bee syndrome). High-ranking women are less likely to collaborate with same-sex subordinates.
https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/incivility-work-queen-bee-syndrome-getting-worse
http://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000289 (Gabriel 2018)
Women's automatic in-group bias (the preference for their own sex) is 4.5x as strong as men's.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494 (Goodwin 2004)
In a UK working class school, girls were involved in bullying and intimidating girls and boys, both verbally and physically. Female bullies were less frequently punished for their behavior than male bullies.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/berj.3324 (Dytham 2018)
Women are around twice as often described as "demanding/difficult" as men.
http://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417737951 (Offer 2017)
Cross-culturally, after sports matches, men spend more time than women in peaceful physical contact with their opponents. Males might naturally invest more in behaviors that facilitate future intragroup cooperation.
View: https://i.imgur.com/EoDOEVX.jpg
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.024 (Benenson 2016)
The view that men suppress female sexuality received hardly any support and is flatly contradicted by some findings. Instead, the evidence favors the view that women have worked to stifle each other’s sexuality.
Women gain leverage over men by suppressing female promiscuity and thereby making sex scarce. Men and their mothers want certainty about the biological fatherhood of the men's offspring and hence discourage female infidelity.
http://www.femininebeauty.info/suppression.pdf (Baumeister, 2002)
https://quillette.com/2018/11/25/on-the-nature-of-patriarchy/
