http://solarey.net/science-women-higher-levels-estrogen-attractive/
"The female sex hormone estrogen prevents the growth of facial bone, reduces the size of the nose and chin, and leads to large eyes, increased thickness of lips and fat deposition in the cheek area, along with hips and buttocks, features that announce that a woman is fertile."
(The same goes for estrogenic men)
"The female sex hormone estrogen prevents the growth of facial bone, reduces the size of the nose and chin, and leads to large eyes, increased thickness of lips and fat deposition in the cheek area, along with hips and buttocks, features that announce that a woman is fertile."
(The same goes for estrogenic men)
Estrogen is generally considered the female sex hormone. That's because it is responsible for the physical and mental changes women go through during puberty. But estrogen is much more than just a sex hormone. It is implicated in social submission, stress response, stunted height and development, and many other things.
For example, whether or not a male orangutan becomes a sexually desirable flanged male or stays flangeless is based on his estrogen levels during puberty.
The presence of a nearby flanged adult will cause the developing males estrogen to spike which stunts his flange growth, often permanently.
In humans a sudden estrogen spike during puberty will stunt height growth by causing ossification of the leg bones. Estrogen will also stunt dimorphic male bone growth leading to a feminized appearance.
In fact masculinity is more correlated with the ratio of estrogen to testosterone than it is with the testosterone amount. Testosterone is not responsible for most of the traits we consider masculine. That is the work of another hormone called DHT, a derivative of testosterone. Not only are Estrogen and DHT both derivatives of testosterone they are also antagonists of each other High levels of DHT will counteract estrogen and vice versa.
Though rare, it is quite possible to have high testosterone and have low masculinity. In fact a recent study showed that the highest testosterone men had more feminine faces (shorter skulls with smaller jaws).
Quote:Short-Term Estradiol Treatment Enhances PituitaryAdrenal Axis and Sympathetic Responses to Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Young Men*
Evidence from animal studies and clinical observations suggest that the activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis is under significant influence of sex steroids. The present study investigated how a short term elevation of estradiol levels affects ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine, and heart rate responses to mental stress in healthy men. In a double blind study, 16 men received a patch delivering 0.1 mg estradial/day transdermally, and age- and body mass index-matched control subjects received a placebo patch. Twenty-four to 48 h later, they were exposed to a brief psychosocial stressor (free speech and mental arithmetic in front of an audience). In response to the psychosocial stressor, ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine, and heart rate were increased in both experimental groups (all P < 0.0001). However, the estradiol-treated subjects showed exaggerated peak ACTH (P < 0.001) and cortisol (P < 0.002) responses compared to the placebo group. Also, the norepinephrine area under the response curve was greater in the estradiol group (P < 0.05). Although heart rate response differences failed to reach statistical significance, they, too, tended to be larger in the estradiol group. Neither mood ratings before or after the stressor, nor ratings of the perception of the stressor could explain the observed endocrine response differences. In conclusion, short term estradiol administration resulted in hyperresponses of the pituitary-adrenal axis and norepinephrine to psychosocial stress in healthy young men independent of psychological effects, as assessed in this study. (J Clin Endocrinol Metub 81: 3639-3643, 1996)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dir...000000.pdf
Evidence from animal studies and clinical observations suggest that the activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis is under significant influence of sex steroids. The present study investigated how a short term elevation of estradiol levels affects ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine, and heart rate responses to mental stress in healthy men. In a double blind study, 16 men received a patch delivering 0.1 mg estradial/day transdermally, and age- and body mass index-matched control subjects received a placebo patch. Twenty-four to 48 h later, they were exposed to a brief psychosocial stressor (free speech and mental arithmetic in front of an audience). In response to the psychosocial stressor, ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine, and heart rate were increased in both experimental groups (all P < 0.0001). However, the estradiol-treated subjects showed exaggerated peak ACTH (P < 0.001) and cortisol (P < 0.002) responses compared to the placebo group. Also, the norepinephrine area under the response curve was greater in the estradiol group (P < 0.05). Although heart rate response differences failed to reach statistical significance, they, too, tended to be larger in the estradiol group. Neither mood ratings before or after the stressor, nor ratings of the perception of the stressor could explain the observed endocrine response differences. In conclusion, short term estradiol administration resulted in hyperresponses of the pituitary-adrenal axis and norepinephrine to psychosocial stress in healthy young men independent of psychological effects, as assessed in this study. (J Clin Endocrinol Metub 81: 3639-3643, 1996)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dir...000000.pdf
